You have seen that the Pharisees were born out of the necessity. They were captives in a faraway land (Babylon) with no Temple and no ‘promised land’. What was their identity? What was an Israelite (Jew) without a home and a Temple? How do they maintain national identity and worship YHWH in captivity? So, we have looked at how the Sabbath was a bone of contention between the Pharisees and Jesus.